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You call people of England "English," and people of Great Britain "British." In this case, what do you call the people of the United Kingdom? Is there a specific term for it?

The full name of the country is "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". So the people of the United Kingdom can be referred to as "British" generally. People in Northern Ireland tend to call themselves "British" if they are Protestant and "Irish" if they are Catholic. The term "British" is acceptable as a way to group everyone from the UK together, though some people might prefer to be called by their regional adjective instead, depending on the context.

Does "needy" a proper word? Or is it a slang word like a "thingy?"

Yes, "needy" is a proper word! It's an adjective with a "y" ending. In the same way, "healthy," "handy," and "patchy" are all adjectives. To be "needy" means to lack something necessary for life, "needy people" are people in poverty. In informal contexts, if someone is "needy," it can also mean that they need too much attention. Ex: Let's collect clothes for the needy. Ex: My boyfriend is too needy. I don't know how to tell him.

What does "leftover" mean? Is it only used when describing food?

The word "leftover" is generally used to describe anything that is left behind or that remains after everything else has been used or eaten. While it is usually used to talk about food, it can be used to describe anything where you have extra after using it. Ex: I used to cook everyday but now I'm so busy we sometimes eat leftovers. Ex: She thought we would need more fabric but we just use what was leftover. Ex: There are some leftovers in the fridge if you're hungry. Ex: Most of these buildings have features that are leftovers from the past.

What does "pulling all-nighters" mean?

"Pulling an all-nighter" refers to purposefully staying awake an entire night to do something, like study or work. "Pulling all-nighters" refers to staying awake during several nights. Ex: I pulled an all-nighter last night to study for an exam. Now I'm extremely tired. Ex: My friend pulled two all-nighters this week because she had to work at night for her job.

What does 'ain't' mean?

Good question! "Ain't" is a short term for 'am not', 'is not', 'are not', 'has not', or 'have not'. It's an informal word and mostly used in conversations. Ex: He ain't going to Disneyland. Ex: I ain't got my phone with me. Ex: She ain't my teacher.